“疫苗”专利不限于疫苗?法官直击权利要求解读的困惑

· 专利业务

此案原告起诉两大疫苗公司Pfizer和Biontech侵权六项美国专利,包括11590229专利。先看相关的229专利的权利要求:27. A vaccine comprising a lipid particle and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent,

excipient, or carrier, wherein the lipid particle comprises:(i) a nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic acid comprises RNA,(ii) 35-65 mol % of a protonatable lipid compound,(iii) 3-12 mol % distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC),(iv) 15-45 mol % cholesterol, and(v) 0.5-10 mol % of a PEG-modified lipid,wherein the mol % is based on 100% total moles of lipids in

the lipid particle,wherein the protonatable lipid compound comprises a head

group, hydrophobic tails, and a central moiety to which the head group and the

hydrophobic tails are directly bonded, wherein:the central moiety is a nitrogen atom;the hydrophobic tails consist of two hydrophobic tails;each of the two hydrophobic tails has the formula —R12—M1—R13,

wherein:R12is a C4-C14 alkyl

group, M1 is —OC(O)—, and R13 is a C10-C20 branched

alkyl, wherein R13 is branched at the alpha position relative

to the —OC(O)— group;the chain length of formula —R12—M1—R13is

17 atoms; andthe total carbon atom content of each hydrophobic tail is 21

to 26 carbon atoms.28. The vaccine of claim 27, wherein the head group consists of a saturated

aliphatic group and a hydroxyl group.

如Connolly法官在判决书所述,重点只需看权利要求中的“vaccine”一词。诉讼双方对vaccine(疫苗)的含义本身并无争议。原告提出因为这个词出现在权利要求的导言(preamble)而非主体部分,根据现有的上诉法院关于权利要求解读的案例,被默认为不限制权利要求的范围,即非疫苗也可以侵权。而被告也并未对导言被默认为不限制权利要求的范围这一法律提出质疑,而是在此框架下提出此处的默认不成立应属于默认以外的例外。Connolly法官对此争议反应相当激烈,他直言:The claims explicitly claim “a vaccine!” 并说这让他误以为自己身处一个无法理喻(荒唐)的奇境(“nonsensical

wonderland”),他还直接引用了1951年迪斯尼出品的电影爱丽丝漫游奇境(Alice in Wonderland)的台词。Connolly法官并未归咎原告和被告的律师的争辩,而指出问题在于上诉法院的一贯案例通常将导言认为不限制权利要求的范围,而只是阐述发明的目的或意愿(purpose or intended use of the invention)。依据上诉法院的案例,只有当一定(例外)情况下(if the preamble is “necessary to give life, meaning,

and vitality to the claim”)导言才被认为对权利要求的范围形成限制。Connolly法官直言这是一个他无法理解的困境(conundrum):“The purpose or intended use of something is the very

reason for which that something is made or done. What could say more about the life, meaning,

and vitality of a claimed invetion than

the claimed prupose or intended use of the invention?”Connolly法官终判权利要求限于疫苗,他认为这是唯一合理并符合常识的判断。他还提到假如他指示陪审团这白纸黑字写着vaccine的权利要求不限于vaccine,陪审团成员将无法理解,质疑法官的能力甚至嘲笑这样的判决。Connolly法官直接向上诉法院提问,要求上诉法院澄清。Connolly法官指出,并非只有他对关于preamble的权利要求解读的法律有疑问,并引用著名法律学者的论文和上诉法院Dyk法官此前的异议判决意见。Connolly法官提出,合理的法律应当很简单:A claim claims what it claims, nothing more and nothing

less. 我赞同Connolly法官的观点。目前的专利法案例似乎沿袭着某种观念,即专利权人或申请人只需描述其发明,不必用权利要求严格界定其发明,而到提出侵权纠纷时还可以利用权利要求解读以及等同侵权等来争议扩大专利的范围。这引起的不确定性对公众和社会带来不必要的负担并造成法律资源的浪费,尤其在现代社会绝大多数的专利都是专业律师或代理人撰写,没理由在专利授权后又允许回过头来说当初写的权利要求其实不是写出来的意思,法律上完全可以要求专利申请人来承担其撰写要求的专利垄断的确定性。

作者简介:王华律师(Howard Wang)拥有近20年的美国律师执业经验

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