浅聊欧洲药品专利SPC

· 欧洲专利商标新闻

欧洲也有药品专利期限延长制度,不过有另外一个名称Supplementary protection certificates(SPC)。关于这个制度,主要体现在EC No 469/2009以及对其的修订EU 2019/933中,我们浅浅解读一下:

前言

主要交待制定本制度的目的,并强调独占期为自相关药品首次获得在欧盟上市许可之日起长15年(the holder of both a patent and a certificate should be able to enjoy an overall maximum of 15 years of exclusivity from the time the medicinal product in question first obtains authorisation to be placed on the market in the Community),且证书的有效期不得超过5年(the certificate cannot be granted for a period exceeding five years)。

Article 1:相关定义

有两个重要定义:

1. 正如我们上一期讲的美国PTE,产品的定义非常重要,用来确认怎样的产品算首个上市,怎样的产品算是跟之前上市的产品属于同样的产品。欧盟的定义里也用到了active ingredient 这个词,只要有相同的活性成分就属于同样的产品。‘product’ means the active ingredient or combination of active ingredients of a medicinal product;

这里与美国PTE不太一样的是,欧洲的法院倾向于认为不论药物形式如何(如盐、酯、新剂型、新载体形式等),只要含有相同活性基团,均视为同一产品,具体可参见C-443/17 Abraxis Bioscience(2019)判决(The notion of ‘product’ relates to an active ingredient … which has a therapeutic effect, regardless of the form in which it is used)。

而且,“产品”定义严格限于活性成分,不随用途或辅料成分变化,具体可参见欧盟法院于2020年作出的Santen案(C-673/18)判决(The ‘product’ is defined by its active ingredient … the definition does not extend to therapeutic indications or formulations)。

2. 专利类型:产品专利,制备方法专利,应用专利。‘basic patent’ means a patent which protects a product as such, a process to obtain a product or an application of a product, and which is designated by its holder for the purpose of the procedure for grant of a certificate;

Article 2:获得SPC的产品范围

在上市前经过了行政审批程序(administrative authorisation procedure)。

Article 3:获得SPC的条件

1. 在提交SPC申请时,专利仍有效且保护产品(the product is protected by a basic patent in force)

2. 药品的上市审批已通过(a valid authorisation to place the product on the market as a medicinal product has been granted)

3. 该产品未获得过SPC(the product has not already been the subject of a certificate)

4. 该产品为首次上市许可(the authorisation referred to in point (b) is the first authorisation to place the product on the market as a medicinal product.)

注意这里只强调了该产品之前未获得过SPC,并未像我国和美国的制度一样要求该专利之前未获得过SPC,也就是说同一件专利,可以为不同的产品申请SPC;关于这一点,我们下期用案例来进行解读。

Article 4:保护对象

仅限于该获批上市的产品,以及在SPC到期前获批上市的所有药品用途。(the protection conferred by a certificate shall extend only to the product covered by the authorisation to place the corresponding medicinal product on the market and for any use of the product as a medicinal product that has been authorised before the expiry of the certificate.)

也就是说,只要仍是同一活性成分,即使新适应症是在SPC签发之后才获得批准,仍在原SPC保护范围内,只要SPC期限未到期;但,不能就该新适应症申请新的SPC,因为同一活性成分的药品已经不属于首次获批上市了(见article 1)。

Article 5- 19:相关流程和程序

主要涉及一些程序性事务,如SPC的申请人、申请流程、申请材料、有效期、撤销、无效、上诉等,不再赘述。这里只说两点:

1. 向谁申请:同时授权该专利并批准该产品上市的成员国(the competent industrial property office of the Member State which granted the basic patent or on whose behalf it was granted and in which the authorisation referred to in Article 3(b) to place the product on the market was obtained)。

2. 有效期:从基础专利申请提交之日起至产品首次获准在欧盟市场投放之日止的期间,减去五年(The certificate shall take effect at the end of the lawful term of the basic patent for a period equal to the period which elapsed between the date on which the application for a basic patent was lodged and the date of the first authorisation to place the product on the market in the Community, reduced by a period of five years)。列个公式,即SPC=NDA获批日-专利申请日-5年,与我国PTE计算规则类似:

关于NDA获批日,曾经也有过争论,这涉及到两个日期:作出批准决定的日期(date of decision granting the MA)以及该批准决定正式通报给申请人的日期(date of notification of the decision)。

在C-471/14 Seattle Genetics(2015)一案中,CJEU认为应当采用“通告日期(date of notification of the MA decision)” 作为SPC期限的计算起点,主要理由如下:

As is apparent from Article 297(2) TFEU, decisions which specify to whom they are addressed take effect only upon their notification to those to whom they are addressed.It follows that, in so far as the marketing authorisation at issue in the main proceedings is a decision within the meaning of that provision, it takes effect only from the date of its notification to the addressee and, consequently, it is only from that date that the addressee is in a position to know the content of the authorisation and to rely on it.

Seattle Genetics一案中的SPC期限因此被增加了五天。所以上述公式可以进一步精确为:

SPC=上市许可人收到许可通知的日期-专利申请日-5年

3. 儿科适应症的延长:如果企业完成了符合《儿童用药条例》第36条要求的儿童研究计划,SPC期限可以延长6个月,但这种延长只能使用一次,不能重复叠加(The periods laid down in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be extended by six months in the case where Article 36 of Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006 applies. In that case, the duration of the period laid down in paragraph 1 of this Article may be extended only once)。

No 469/2009 修订(EU 2019/933)

主要基于以下两个原因:

1. 在SPC期间,欧盟境内的仿制药和生物类似药生产商无法在欧盟境内生产仿制药和生物类似药,即使其目的是为了出口到那些没有保护或保护已失效的第三国市场。

2. 生产商也无法在SPC到期前为储备仿制药和生物类似药而生产这些药品,以便在相应证书到期后进入任何成员国市场。

欧盟认为,如果不加以干预,欧盟境内仿制药和生物类似药生产商的生存能力可能会受到威胁,进而影响欧盟整个医药产业基础。这种情况可能导致仿制药和生物类似药生产商失去潜在的新商机,从而影响内部市场的有效运作,并可能减少相关投资,阻碍欧盟境内的就业增长。

因此做如下修订:

1. 允许在欧盟境内设立的仿制药和生物类似药生产商在欧盟境内生产产品或含有这些产品的药品,以便出口到未受保护或保护期已过的第三国市场,从而帮助这些生产商在这些第三国市场有效竞争。(the making of a product, or a medicinal product containing that product, for the purpose of export to third countries;)

2. 允许此类生产商在证书到期前的特定期限内,在成员国境内生产和储存产品或含有这些产品的药品,以便在相应证书到期后进入任何成员国市场,从而帮助这些生产商在保护期结束后立即在欧盟境内有效竞争(“欧盟首日进入”)。(the making, no earlier than six months before the expiry of the certificate, of a product, or a medicinal product containing that product, for the purpose of storing it in the Member State of making, in order to place that product, or a medicinal product containing that product, on the market of Member States after the expiry of the corresponding certificate;)

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